During the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government demonstrated a clear fear and avoidance attitude towards war. So, why was the late Qing Dynasty so apprehensive about war?

Firstly, during the late Qing Dynasty, the strength of the Qing Dynasty had obviously declined. After many wars, defeats, and territorial concessions, the national strength of the Qing Dynasty had greatly decreased, and the combat effectiveness of its army was far inferior to before. Therefore, the Qing government always tried to avoid events that might lead to war in order to avoid suffering losses again.

Secondly, the Qing government in the late Qing Dynasty had a profound understanding of the technological advantages of Western powers. They understood that with the military strength of the Qing Dynasty at that time, there was almost no chance of winning a war against Western powers. Therefore, they tended to solve problems through diplomatic means rather than through war.

Thirdly, during the late Qing Dynasty, there were many internal conflicts within the Qing society, and the dissatisfaction of the people towards the government was on the rise. If war broke out again, it might cause greater social unrest and even threaten the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the fear of war by the Qing government was also due to considerations of internal stability.

Finally, the fear of war by the Qing government in the late Qing Dynasty was also related to the personal character of its leaders. For example, Empress Dowager Cixi was a typical pacifist who tended to solve problems through peaceful means rather than through war.

Overall, the fear of war by the Qing government in the late Qing Dynasty was caused by various reasons, including the decline of its national strength, the recognition of Western technological advantages, considerations of internal stability, and the influence of the personal character of its leaders.

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