In the ancient history of China, the Shuhan Dynasty established by Liu Bei experienced a rise and fall of approximately 42 years, from Liu Bei's ascension to the throne in 221 AD to Liu Shan's surrender in 263 AD. Starting from Liu Shan's accession to the throne, the survival time of the Shu Kingdom was 30 years. These thirty years marked a turning point for the Shuhan Dynasty, from prosperity to decline, and also marked a dramatic and instructive chapter in the history of the Three Kingdoms.

Liu Shan ascended to the throne in 223 AD, inheriting the will of his father Liu Bei and the chancellor Zhu Geliang, shouldering the responsibility of maintaining the Shuhan regime. In the early part of his reign, with the assistance of outstanding ministers such as Zhu Geliang and Jiang Wei, the Shu Kingdom was able to maintain a certain degree of stability and prosperity. However, with Zhu Geliang's death in 234 AD, the political landscape of the Shuhan Dynasty began to undergo fundamental changes.

Liu Shan's personality differed greatly from his father's. He lacked sufficient political foresight and resolute decision-making ability, coupled with the absence of outstanding assisting figures around him, the ruling foundation of the Shu Kingdom gradually weakened. Liu Shan's handling of state affairs appeared relatively passive, with eunuchs such as Huang Hao manipulating national affairs, leading to increasing corruption in the court and a gradual decline in national strength.

Externally, the Shu Kingdom faced dual pressure from the Cao Wei in the north and the Sun Wu in the west. The Cao Wei, led by the Sima family, was powerful and posed a serious threat to the Shu Kingdom. Although the Sun Wu in the west had an alliance with the Shu Kingdom, conflicts would arise due to their respective interests. This external pressure forced the Shu Kingdom to invest a large amount of resources in military defense, further exacerbating domestic financial and economic difficulties.

Finally, in 263 AD, Sima Zhao, the actual ruler of the Cao Wei, launched a campaign to destroy the Shu Kingdom. Facing the enemy's powerful offensive, Liu Shan was unable to effectively organize resistance and ultimately chose to surrender. This marked the official extinction of the Shuhan Dynasty and the end of Liu Shan's reign as the emperor of the Shu Kingdom.

From Liu Shan's accession to the throne to the extinction of the Shuhan Dynasty, this regime survived for 30 years. Although there were brief periods of prosperity and glory during this time, there were more political unrest and military defeats. Liu Shan's reign became a historical lesson about the rise and fall of a monarch's ability and the fate of a nation.

The downfall of the Shuhan Dynasty was not just the disappearance of a country, but also the end of an era. Its existence and extinction provided rich historical material and profound political insights for future generations. Looking back at this history today, we cannot help but ponder: To what extent does the fate of a country depend on the wisdom and ability of its leaders.

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