During the Warring States period, alliances and confrontations among the six states constituted the main feature of political and military struggles of that era. Among them, the joint military action of the five states against Qi was an important event aimed at weakening Qi's dominant position. However, despite the impressive force of the allied army, they ultimately failed to completely destroy Qi. This article will explore how Qi survived against the backdrop of the five states' attack and analyze the reasons for this outcome.

I. Background of the Five States' Attack on Qi

Qi was a powerful state in the eastern region at the beginning of the Warring States period, with strong military and economic strength. However, Qi's strength provoked jealousy among other feudal states, especially Wei and Chu. To secure their own safety and development, they began to plan to ally with other states against Qi.

II. Process of the Allied Attack on Qi

In 314 BC, five states - Wei, Chu, Qin, Zhao, and Han - formed an anti-Qi alliance and launched a joint war against Qi. The war was massive, with the allied army attacking Qi's forces on multiple fronts. Initially, the allied army achieved some victories and even occupied Qi's capital city of Linji.

III. Qi's Resistance and Counterattack

Faced with the joint attack of the five states, Qi did not collapse quickly. Led by King Xuan, Qi adopted flexible diplomatic strategies and resolute military resistance. On one hand, Qi used diplomatic means to divide the allied army; on the other hand, it utilized geographical advantages and abundant resources to engage in a protracted war. Ultimately, Qi not only successfully drove away the invaders but also recovered its lost territory.

IV. Reasons for the Failure of the Five States' Attack on Qi

The main reasons why the five states' attack on Qi failed to achieve its goal were severalfold: first, the allied army was not united internally, as each state had its own agenda; second, Qi had strong national strength and effective military counterattacks; and finally, Qi's successful diplomatic strategies effectively divided the allied army.

Conclusion:

The five states' attack on Qi was a typical example of the united front and divided strategy in the Warring States period. It reveals that even a joint force of multiple states may not necessarily achieve a decisive victory. Qi's survival under the pressure of the five-state allied army demonstrates its national strength and political wisdom. This historical episode not only vividly illustrates the complex international relations during the Warring States period but also provides valuable strategic and tactical lessons for later politicians and military strategists.

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