In the long history of the Three Kingdoms period, after Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang continued to assist the young Liu Shan as the chancellor and took on the important task of maintaining the Shuhan regime. However, despite his exceptional talent, Zhuge Liang repeatedly suffered defeats in his later northern expeditions. This article will explore the possible reasons why Zhuge Liang continued to lose battles after Liu Bei's death.

First, the depletion of military resources. After Liu Bei's death, the military resources of Shuhan did not fully recover and replenish. The long wars consumed a large amount of manpower and material resources, coupled with the blocked transportation in the Shu region and difficulties in supply, making it difficult for Zhuge Liang to maintain a strong army. Therefore, even with his clever strategies, he could hardly overcome the practical problem of resource shortages.

Second, the strong defense of the opponents. The Cao Wei regime in the north was relatively stable and had ample human and material resources. Facing Zhuge Liang's northern expeditions, Cao Wei adopted a strategy of fortifying the cities and clearing the countryside, effectively weakening the offensive power of the Shu army. In addition, Cao Wei had a number of outstanding generals such as Sima Yi, whose defensive strategies and tactical applications posed a huge challenge to Zhuge Liang.

Third, internal difficulties and political pressure. There were also many problems within Shuhan. After Liu Bei's death, the political situation in Shuhan was unstable, and Zhuge Liang needed to deal with both internal administrative affairs and external military pressure. This double pressure may have affected his strategic judgment and the execution of military operations.

Fourth, the limitations of strategic choices. Zhuge Liang's northern expedition strategy itself also had limitations. Due to the restrictions of the Shu region, he could not launch large-scale comprehensive wars and had to choose limited local offensives with specific goals. This strategic choice limited the freedom of action of the Shu army, making it difficult for them to achieve decisive victories.

Fifth, personal factors of Zhuge Liang. Although Zhuge Liang is praised as a symbol of wisdom, he may also face problems of overconfidence or strategic misjudgment. In some cases, he may have overrelied on his own intelligence and ignored the actual situation on the battlefield and the enemy's countermeasures.

Conclusion: After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang faced many challenges, including insufficient military resources, strong defense by opponents, internal instability, and limitations in strategic choices. These factors together led to his consecutive defeats in his later northern expeditions. Although Zhuge Liang left a profound imprint in history with his exceptional talent and determination, the outcome of war is often the result of the combined effects of various factors. Through a deep analysis of this period of history, we can not only better understand the historical context but also draw wisdom in strategy and leadership.

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