In the history of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan's two large-scale invasions of Japan (in 1274 and 1281) were important parts of his overseas expansion policy. However, both invasions ultimately ended in failure, failing to achieve the desired objectives. So, why couldn't Kublai Khan conquer Japan? Here are some possible reasons.

First, the impact of natural disasters. During both invasions, the Yuan army encountered storms at sea, resulting in significant losses to the fleet. Especially during the second invasion, the Yuan fleet encountered a typhoon on its way to Japan, which capsized many ships and caused a large number of soldiers and horses to drown. This storm was later known as the "divine wind" and greatly changed the course of the war.

Second, tactical and strategic mistakes. Kublai Khan's army was undefeated on land, but naval warfare was not their forte. They relied too much on numerical superiority and ignored the Japanese defense strategy and terrain factors. In addition, they did not formulate an effective long-term strategy but tried to achieve victory through a decisive attack.

Third, the stubborn resistance of the Japanese. Facing the powerful Yuan army, the Japanese did not choose to surrender or flee, but organized resistance. They demonstrated extreme courage and determination in battle, successfully stopping the Yuan army's advance. This spiritual strength compensated for their lack of material resources to some extent.

Finally, the issue of logistics and supply. The Yuan army's operations at sea required a lot of logistical support, but due to the long distance and harsh weather conditions, their supply lines were often cut off. This made it difficult for them to maintain prolonged combat on the battlefield, thereby affecting the outcome of the war.

In summary, Kublai Khan's failure to conquer Japan was due to the combined effect of various factors, including natural disasters, tactical and strategic mistakes, the stubborn resistance of the Japanese, and logistics and supply issues. These factors together constituted an insurmountable obstacle that prevented the Yuan army from achieving its ambition of conquering Japan.

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