The Manchu, as an important ethnic group in Chinese history, saw the widespread dissemination and development of its culture and traditions during the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the eight major surnames and the Eight Banner System are crucial components of the historical and cultural heritage of the Manchu. This article will explore what the eight major surnames of the Manchu are, as well as the establishment of the Eight Banner System and which eight banners compose it.

I. The Eight Major Surnames of the Manchu

The eight major surnames of the Manchu are Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, Qi, Fu, Na, and Lang. These surnames hold significant status and influence in Manchu society, representing the traditions and history of the ethnic group.

II. The Establishment of the Eight Banner System

The Eight Banner System was the basic organizational form of Manchu society during the Qing Dynasty, established by Nurhachi in 1601. This system divided the Manchu people into eight banners, with each banner containing four color-coded flags: yellow, white, red, and blue, representing different military units. The establishment of this system formed a unique system for the Manchu in military, political, and social aspects.

III. Which Are the Eight Banners of the Manchu?

The eight banners of the Manchu are the Zheng Huang Banner, Zheng Bai Banner, Zheng Hong Banner, Zheng Lan Banner, Xiang Huang Banner, Xiang Bai Banner, Xiang Hong Banner, and Xiang Lan Banner. These banner colors represent different tribes and clans of the Manchu people, and are also one of the important symbols of Manchu culture.

IV. Conclusion

The eight major surnames and the Eight Banner System are crucial components of the historical and cultural heritage of the Manchu. By understanding these surnames and the establishment of the Eight Banner System, we can better comprehend the history and cultural inheritance of the Manchu. At the same time, it also reflects the significant contribution of the Manchu to Chinese history and culture during the Qing Dynasty.

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