In the evolution of human society, matrilineal society, as an early social form, has always attracted the attention of scholars. However, there is still controversy in the academic community about whether matrilineal society really existed. This article will explore this issue from multiple perspectives in order to provide a relatively objective answer. Firstly, we need to understand what matrilineal society is. As the name suggests, matrilineal society refers to a social form where mothers occupy a dominant position in the family and society. In matrilineal society, the inheritance of property and power is primarily through women, and children's surnames also follow their mothers. This social form once prevailed in some primitive tribes. The view that supports the real existence of matrilineal society argues that it is a necessary stage in the development of human society. In the early stages of human society, due to low productivity levels, people needed to rely on collective strength to survive. In this context, mothers, as birthgivers and nurturers, naturally became the center of the family. Additionally, as the marriage system had not yet formed, people could not determine the father's biological relationship, so they could only determine kinship through the mother. This special social background provided conditions for the emergence of matrilineal society. However, the opposing view, which denies the real existence of matrilineal society, argues that it is not a universal social form. They believe that although there have been instances of matrilineal society in some primitive tribes, this does not prove that it is a necessary stage in the development of human society. In fact, many primitive tribes did not go through a stage of matrilineal society but directly transitioned from primitive communism to patriarchy. Additionally, some scholars have pointed out that even in matrilineal society, men still occupied a dominant position in the family and society, and women's status did not truly improve. So, did matrilineal society really exist? The author believes that there is no absolute answer to this question. On the one hand, we cannot deny that there have been instances of matrilineal society in some primitive tribes. On the other hand, we cannot regard matrilineal society as a universal rule in the development of human society. In fact, the development of human society is a complex process influenced by various factors. In different historical periods and geographical environments, human society may present different forms. Therefore, we should respect the diversity of history and avoid simplifying human society into two stages: matrilineal society and patriarchy. In conclusion, there is no consensus in the academic community on whether matrilineal society really existed. We should approach this issue with an open mind and explore it from multiple perspectives. Only by doing so can we better understand the development of human society and provide useful insights for future social development.

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