If Empress Dowager Ma was still alive, Zhu Di might not have rebelled. This is because during the struggle with Emperor Jianwen, Zhu Di received Empress Dowager Ma's support and trust, which greatly contributed to his rebellion. If Empress Dowager Ma had been alive, her influence and control over Zhu Di would have continued to exist, which would have been an important political asset for him.

Moreover, if Empress Dowager Ma had been alive, Zhu Di might not have had such strong ambition and dissatisfaction. With Empress Dowager Ma's support, he had already become a prince of the Ming Dynasty, enjoying a high status and generous treatment. If Empress Dowager Ma had been alive, Zhu Di might have cherished his current status and power more, rather than taking risks to seek higher power.

Of course, the above is only a hypothesis, and the course of history cannot develop exactly according to our imagination. However, this hypothesis can help us better understand history and draw some lessons from it.

Then, if Zhu Di had not received the support of Empress Dowager Ma, would he have been able to successfully rebel? Or, what would have happened to history if Zhu Di had failed in his rebellion?

First, if Zhu Di had not received the support of Empress Dowager Ma, his rebellion might have ended in failure. As his rebellion plan was carried out secretly, it was difficult for him to obtain sufficient support and assistance during the process. In addition, his troops and weaponry were not sufficient to compete with Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's army. If Zhu Di's rebellion failed, he might have been executed or forced to flee the country, without the opportunity to continue seeking the throne.

Second, if Zhu Di's rebellion had failed, the history of the Ming Dynasty might have taken a different direction. If Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang had been able to maintain his throne, he might have continued to implement his policies, including expanding territory and weakening the power of the nobility. However, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's reign was not stable, and his misrule and dictatorial behavior caused dissatisfaction among the people, which might have led to social unrest and the intensification of political crises.

If Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang had been overthrown, his successor might have been another member of the royal family, such as his younger brother Zhu Zhanji. However, as Zhu Zhanji's moral character and abilities were inferior to Zhu Di's, he might not have been able to effectively respond to the challenges faced by the Ming Dynasty, leading to greater chaos and unrest in the court.

In summary, if Zhu Di had not received the support of Empress Dowager Ma, his rebellion might have ended in failure, and the history of the Ming Dynasty might have taken a different direction. The course of history is determined by many factors, including personal abilities and luck, social systems and environments, etc. We cannot predict specific directions, but we can gain a better understanding of the past and guide the future through retrospection and analysis of history.

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